Journal articles
Academic journal articles
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing. DOI OR URL OR nothing
Non-academic periodical articles (magazine articles)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Season OR Year, Month OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing. DOI OR URL OR nothing
Date of publication:
- For academic journal articles, use the (Year) of the volume only, except use the (Year, Month Day) of the issue for academic journals published weekly (APA Style Experts, personal communication, September 30, 2022).
- For non-academic periodicals (professional, trade and popular magazines and so on), use the full date available, including seasons for magazines published seasonally (APA Style Experts, personal communication, September 30, 2022).
Title of the article: Capitalise only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle and any proper nouns.
Title of the journal: Write in italics with title case capitalisation – capitalise each significant word.
Any missing element following the journal title: Omit any missing element not provided by the article. Other parts are not adjusted to accommodate the omission.
Volume and issue numbers: If available, write the volume number in italics and issue number within parentheses not in italics.
- If numbering of issues restarts at 1 each year, repeat the year as the volume number – see the section Journal in which the year also serves as the volume number.
- See also The “Issue” With Issue Numbers in Journal Articles (APA Style Blog).
Article number: Write the article number after the word Article.
Page numbers: Write the page range if there is no article number and the article is paginated.
- But if the article starts on page 1, check whether the issue is paginated consecutively. If every article in the issue starts on page 1, omit the page range element.
Omit the Article number/Page-range element in the reference for an article:
- Without page numbers or an article number.
- With a page range that is solely the pagination of the individual article and has no relation to the article’s position in the volume or issue (APA Style Experts, personal communication, November 10, 2023).
DOI or URL:
- Print journals:
- Include the DOI if available, otherwise add nothing after the pages.
- Electronic journals:
- Include the DOI if available.
- If there is no DOI, include the URL but only if it is accessible for all readers. Do not use a URL from AKO | LEARN or a library database). If there is no DOI or accessible URL, add nothing after the pages.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing. DOI
Fort, D. J., Propst, T. L., Stover, E. L., Strong, P. L., & Murray, F. J. (1998). Adverse reproductive and developmental effects in Xenopus from insufficient boron. Biological Trace Element Research, 66(1–3), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02783141
Grace, R. (2017). From liquidating mixed plastics waste to capturing your washing machine’s microfibers. Plastics Engineering, 73(6), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2017.tb01726.x
Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Harris, K. J., & Tepper, B. J. (2013). Ethical leadership and subordinate outcomes: The mediating role of organizational politics and the moderating role of political skill. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1373-8
Organ, C., Nunn, C. L., Machanda, Z., & Wrangham, R. W. (2011, August 30). Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding during the evolution of Homo. PNAS, 108(35), 14555–14559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107806108
- Parenthetical citations: (Fort et al., 1998; Grace, 2017; Kacmar et al., 2013; Organ et al., 2011)
- Narrative citations: Fort et al. (1998), Grace (2017), Kacmar et al. (2013), and Organ et al. (2011)
- In the examples above, Organ et al. (2011) is in a journal published weekly and so the full date appears in the reference.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing. URL
Leaupepe, M. (2017). Authentic leadership: Experiences from a Pasifika early childhood education program in teacher education. He Kupu–The Word, 5(1), 61–68. https://www.hekupu.ac.nz/article/authentic-leadership-experiences-pasifika-early-childhood-education-program-teacher
Nast, H. J. (2006). Loving… whatever: Alienation, neoliberalism and pet-love in the twenty-first century. ACME: An International e-Journal for Critical Geographies, 5(2), 300–327. https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/761
- Parenthetical citations: (Leaupepe, 2017; Nast, 2006)
- Narrative citations: Leaupepe (2017) and Nast (2006)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing.
Bourke, R., & Loveridge, J. (2014). Exposing the divide between assessment and the point of learning through student voice. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 49(2), 149–161.
- Parenthetical citation: (Bourke & Loveridge, 2014)
- Narrative citation: Bourke and Loveridge (2014)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), Article article#. DOI OR URL
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C. M., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., Galgani, F., Ryan, P. G., & Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PloS One, 9(12), Article e111913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Horst, H. van der, Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., Leonard, B., Lorig, K., Loureiro, M. I., Meer, J. W. M. van der, Schnabel, P., Smith, R., Weel, C. van, & Smid, H. (2011, July 30). How should we define health? BMJ, 343(7817), Article d4163. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4163
- Parenthetical citations: (Eriksen et al., 2014; (Huber et al., 2011)
- Narrative citations: Eriksen et al. (2014) and Huber et al. (2011)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Year(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing. DOI OR URL OR nothing
Clune, M. (2019). Computational thinking in primary mathematics. Set, 2019(3), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.18296/set.0151
Matthews, N. (2011). Reflecting on Māori academic leadership. MAI Review, 2011(3). http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/457.html
- Parenthetical citations: (Clune, 2019; Matthews, 2011)
- Narrative citations: Clune (2019) and Matthews (2011)
- For this type of journal, each year restarts issue numbering with issue 1.
- The year occurs twice in the reference, in the date area and in the volume area.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal. Advance online publication. DOI OR URL
Bourke, L., Marriott-Fellows, M., Jones, A., Humphreys, L., Davies, S. J., Zuffiano, A., & López-Pérez, B. (2019). Writing with imagination: The influence of hot and cold executive functions in children with autism characteristics and typically developing peers. Reading and Writing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-019-09989-w
- Parenthetical citation: (Bourke et al., 2019)
- Narrative citation: Bourke et al. (2019)
- Publishers label advance online publications in various ways, such as “online first publication” or “ahead of print”.
- The wording is standardised to “advance online publication” in APA references.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Season OR Year, Month OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing. DOI OR URL OR nothing
Duyvestyn, H. (2021, June). Nursing support for people with mild mental health needs. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 27(5), 24–27.
Pandemic-proofing the planet. (2020, June 6). Economist, 435(9200), 64–67.
Swain, G. R. (2016–2017, Fall/Winter). How does economic and social disadvantage affect health? Focus, 33(1), 1–6. https://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/focus/pdfs/foc331a.pdf
- Parenthetical citations: (Duyvestyn, 2021; “Pandemic-Proofing,” 2020; Swain, 2016–2017)
- Narrative citations: Duyvestyn (2021), “Pandemic-Proofing” (2020), and Swain (2016–2017)
- Non-academic periodicals include professional, trade and popular magazines.
- For more about articles without authors, such as the “Pandemic-Proofing” example, see under Author Variations.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year OR Year, Season OR Year, Month OR Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, vol#(issue#), firstpage#–lastpage# OR Article article# OR nothing. DOI OR URL OR nothing
Brown, H. (2019–2020, Raumati–Summer). A treasure house for future generations. Te Karaka, (84), 28–31. https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/TE-KARAKA-84.pdf
Laud, L., Hirsch, S., Patel, P., & Wagner, M. (2010). Maximize student achievement with formative assessment. ASCD Express, 6(1). http://www.ascd.org/ascd-express/vol6/601-laud.aspx
Nichol, T. (2020, January 2). Unswimmable Auckland. Metro, 52–57.
Te whakataunga me te maimoatanga o ngā mate o te hinengaro Māori: Recognising and managing mental health disorders in Māori. (2010, June). Best Practice Journal, (28), 8–17. https://bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2010/June/docs/BPJ_28_june2010.pdf
- Parenthetical citations: (Brown, 2019–2020; Laud et al., 2010; Nichol, 2020; “Te Whakataunga,” 2010)
- Narrative citations: Brown (2019–2020), Laud et al. (2010), Nichol (2020), and “Te Whakataunga” (2010)
- Any element following the journal title: Omit any missing element in the source; other parts are not adjusted to accommodate the omission.
- For more about articles without authors, such as the “Te Whakataunga” example, see under Author Variations.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. DOI
Mehrholz, J., Pohl, M., Platz, T., Kugler, J., & Elsner, B. (2018). Electromechanical and robot‐assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006876.pub5
- Parenthetical citation: (Mehrholz et al., 2018)
- Narrative citation: Mehrholz et al. (2018)
- Cochrane articles are formatted like journal articles. Do not italicise the database name if it appears in text.
