Lecture notes, Echo360/EchoVideo and PowerPoint slides
- Reference list: no entry.
- Course lecture notes taken by a student are considered ‘personal communication’ as they are unpublished and ‘non-retrievable’. For this reason, they are only cited within the text and not included in the reference list.
- Parenthetical citation: (Professor N. M. Blampied, personal communication, May 5, 2020)
- Narrative citation: Professor N. M. Blampied (personal communication, May 5, 2020)
- Citations of lecture notes taken from a lecture presented by Professor N. M. Blampied.
- Check with your lecturer before referencing lecture notes. Some lecturers may not regard these as suitable.
Lecturer, L. L. (Year, Month Date). Title of lecture [Lecture video recording]. EchoVideo. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
Yapp, F. (2025, March 31). MUSA100-25S1-LecA-Essentials in music techniques [Lecture video recording]. EchoVideo. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
- Parenthetical citation: (Yapp, 2025)
- Narrative citation: Yapp (2025)
- Check with your lecturer before referencing lecture recordings. Some lecturers may not regard these as suitable.
- As these sources can be retrieved by course members, they are treated more formally when cited in course assignments. If the audience for which you are writing does not have access to the recordings, cite them as a personal communication.
- Author: Include the lecturer’s name as the first element. The lecture recording may have PowerPoint slides introducing the lecture with the lecturer’s name. If not, the name of the course lecturer is often provided in the Course Information section in the AKO | LEARN. For courses with multiple lecturers there will often be a schedule of who is lecturing in particular weeks of the course.
- Title: Use the generic title automatically assigned to the recording as this is the form of title needed to identify the recording in the list of recordings on AKO | LEARN. If a lecture title is provided by an introductory PowerPoint slide within the lecture recording, do not use this in the title element of the reference.
- URL: Use https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz (not https://echo360.net.au) as AKO | LEARN is the primary place to access EchoVideo lecture recordings.
- This guidance on lecture recordings accords with advice from the APA Style Experts (personal communication, April 11, 2025).
Lecturer, L. L. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation: Subtitle of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
Blampied, N. M. (2023). Learning and behaviour change [PowerPoint slides]. AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
- Parenthetical citation: (Blampied, 2023)
- Narrative citation: Blampied (2023)
- As these sources can be retrieved by course members, they are treated more formally when cited in course assignments. If the audience for which you are writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication.
- See also PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References (APA Style website).
Lecturer, L. L. (Year, Month Date). Title of notes: Subtitle of notes [Lecture notes]. AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
Lecturer, L. L. (Year, Month Date). [Lecture notes on topic]. AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
Blampied, N. M. (2023). Learning and behaviour change [Lecture notes]. AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
Blampied, N. M. (2023). [Lecture notes on learning and behaviour change]. AKO | LEARN. https://learn.canterbury.ac.nz
- Parenthetical citation: (Blampied, 2023)
- Narrative citation: Blampied (2023)
- Create a brief title within [ ] for untitled lecture notes, for example an untitled PDF or Word document.
- Include the AKO | LEARN website name followed by the AKO | LEARN homepage URL if you retrieved the work from AKO | LEARN.
- See also Classroom or Intranet Resources (APA Style website).
