Basic rules and in-text elements
- Reference list
- In-text citations, including quotations
- Author variations
- Citing a source within a source (secondary sources)
- Personal communication
- Tables and figures (including charts, graphs, images and pictures)
Topic
APA style 7th edition
21 September 2023
The American Psychological Association (APA) style is widely used at UC.
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APA includes a reference list at the end of the document for all in-text citations, and in-text citations to identify briefly the sources you have paraphrased or quoted.
New to APA?
- Try the Introduction to APA Referencing (UC Library AKO | LEARN module).
- Register for a library APA Referencing Workshop.
- Download the APA 7th Quick Guide (PDF, 829KB).
- Download the Scaffolded Reference Elements Worksheet (PDF, 146KB).
Reference types
- Books and edited book chapters
- Journal articles
- Audiovisual material (films, videos, YouTube, radio, television episodes)
- ChatGPT and other AI models and software (APA Style Blog)
- Conference papers
- Encyclopedias and dictionaries
- Informally published works (online research repositories, eprints)
- Lecture notes, Echo360 and PowerPoint slides on AKO | LEARN
- Legal resources (cases, Acts, Bills, regulations, Hansard, AJHR, Laws of New Zealand, treaties, Waitangi Tribunal)
- Music (recordings, scores)
- Newspaper articles
- Reports and government publications
- Social media (Facebook, Instagram, X)
- Standards
- Theses
- Webpages on websites
APA style is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). The 7th edition of APA was published in October 2019.
